城市工业区环境系统中的Cd污染循环及其健康风险——以杭州市半山工业区为例

为揭示重金属元素Cd在城市环境系统多种介质中的迁移途径及其潜在危害性,系统分析了杭州市半山工业区主要环境介质（土壤-尘埃-水-底泥-生物）样品中Cd的指标含量,并用连续提取法分析了土壤、尘埃、底泥中Cd的化学形态特征.结果表明,Cd的迁移途径主要有两种,一是以尘埃为媒介在地表环境中迁移,二是通过水介质进入水体环境（水和...     

Effect of chromium on accumulation and antioxidants in Cucumis utillissimus L.: Response under enhanced bioavailability condition

This study compares the accumulation of Cr(VI) and biochemical changes (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cysteine contents) and roles of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in tolerance to metal induced stress in Cucumis utillissimus L. grown in Cr contaminated soil (CS) with garden soil (GS). Furthermore, Cr bioavailability was enhanced by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) addition to the soil to forecast the plant’s accumulation pattern at elevated Cr environment. Accumulation of Cr in the leaves of the plant increased with increase in substrate metals concentration. It further increased with the addition of EDTA by 1437% and 487% in GS and CS, respectively at the highest treatment level. The lipid peroxidation increased proportionately with increase in Cr accumulation in the leaves. All the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and APX) and the level of cysteine increased with dose dependant manner. SOD and cysteine were observed to be higher in the GS than in CS, but APX and GPX were found to be higher in CS than in GS. The increase in GPX and APX activities with the increase in Cr concentration could be assumed that these two enzymes have a major role in the defense mechanism towards stress induced by Cr in C. utillissimus.     

产表面活性剂根际菌协同龙葵修复镉污染土壤

从某矿区重金属污染的土壤中分离筛选出一株能产生物表面活性剂的根际细菌LKS06,经生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,将其鉴定为假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas sp.LKS06).生物学特性的测定表明,菌株LKS06对多种重金属有很高的耐受性,且具有分泌吲哚乙酸、产铁载体和ACC脱氨酶活性的能力,并对土壤重金属...     

外源锌刺激下水稻对土壤镉的累积效应

采用水稻盆栽实验研究不同含量外源Zn对模拟Cd中度污染和重度污染土壤中水稻低累积品种湘晚籼12和高累积品种威优46水稻各部位累积Cd的影响.结果表明,在Cd中度污染水平,外源Zn分别增大2种水稻各部位Cd含量,湘晚籼12和威优46糙米Cd含量分别增加125.0%~275.0%和6.6%~91.2%,但各处理糙米Cd含量不高于0.2 mg·kg~(-1);在Cd重度污染水平,外源Zn有降低水稻各部位中Cd含量的作用,湘晚籼12和威优46糙米Cd含量相应降低了16.6%~63.5%和15.6%~74.4%,且威优46糙米Cd含量随外源Zn施用含量的增大而逐渐降低,使得糙米中Cd含量低于0.2 mg·kg~(-1).水稻糙米累积Cd含量与土壤中Cd、Zn交换态含量的相关关系,因Cd污染程度和水稻品种的不同而不同.在Cd中度污染水平,湘晚籼12水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Zn含量正线性相关,而威优46水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Cd和Zn含量正线性相关;在Cd重度污染水平,威优46水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Cd和Zn含量为负线性相关.在不造成土壤Zn污染的前提下,可向Cd重度污染土壤施用一定量的Zn肥,以降低糙米Cd含量,提高糙米品质.     

湘江株洲段丰水期镉污染负荷总量测算及分配

以2010年8月湘江干流株洲段代表性断面水质与底泥监测资料以及其他资料为基础,采用WASP7模型模拟该江段丰水期镉浓度,并进行镉污染负荷测算与分配。研究结果表明,WASP7模型较好地重现了镉浓度的变化规律,8月份该河段上游镉入流量2 446.33 kg,下游出流量3 076.44 kg,区间增量630.12 kg,其中点源负荷量241.67 kg,占38.4%,面源负荷量304.49 kg,占48.3%,内源负荷量为83.96 kg,占13.3%。     

萃取净化电镀含镉废水

研究了二壬基萘磺酸(DNNSA)形成的微乳液从模拟含镉废水中萃取镉离子的工艺条件。分别考察了相体积比(O/A)、萃取时间、温度及萃取剂浓度对废水中镉离子萃取的影响。结果表明,萃取平衡时间为10 mim,降低温度及增加萃取剂浓度均有利于萃取。紫外光谱证实当DNNSA萃取镉时,所形成萃合物对萘环的结构无影响,且不会破坏微乳相的结构;分子荧光光谱表明镉离子对配体DNNSA有荧光猝灭作用。     

土壤Cd污染对跳虫Folsomia candida的生态毒性

采矿及冶炼等行为造成了严重的土壤重金属污染,其中Cd污染及其带来的健康风险近年来引起人们的高度重视。利用弹尾目跳虫开展土壤Cd污染的生态毒理研究,对Cd污染土壤的生态风险评价具有重要意义。本研究将跳虫Folsomia candida(F.candida)暴露在不同Cd浓度污染的人工土壤中,利用跳虫存活数量、繁殖数量及回避行为实验来评价重金属Cd污染对跳虫的生态毒性。结果表明,Cd对F.candida的急性毒性LC50值为2 086.93 mg·kg~(-1),慢性毒性的繁殖抑制(28 d)EC50值为224.95 mg·kg~(-1)。此外,Cd对跳虫回避行为影响的EC50(48 h)为721.26 mg·kg~(-1)。可以看出,慢性毒性的EC50值与Cd对回避行为影响的EC50值近似,但远低于急性毒性LC50值。因此,跳虫F.candida的回避行为和繁殖率对Cd污染土壤有较高的灵敏度,可用来表征土壤中Cd的生态毒性。     

Distribution,fate and formation of non-extractable residues of a nonylphenol isomer in soil with special emphasis on soil derived organo-clay complexes

Anthropogenic contaminants like nonylphenols (NP) are added to soil, for instance if sewage-sludge is used as fertilizer in agriculture. A commercial mixture of NP consists of more than 20 isomers. For our study, we used one of the predominate isomers of NP mixtures, 4-(3,5-dimethylhept-3-yl)phenol, as a representative compound. The aim was to investigate the fate and distribution of the isomer within soil and soil derived organo-clay complexes. Therefore, ¹⁴C- and ¹³C-labeled NP was added to soil samples and incubated up to 180 days. Mineralization was measured and soil samples were fractionated into sand, silt and clay; the clay fraction was further separated in humic acids, fulvic acids and humin. The organo-clay complexes pre-incubated for 90 or 180 days were re-incubated with fresh soil for 180 days, to study the potential of re-mobilization of incorporated residues. The predominate incorporation sites of the nonylphenol isomer in soil were the organo-clay complexes. After 180 days of incubation, 22 % of the applied ¹⁴C was mineralized. The bioavailable, water extractable portion was low (9 % of applied ¹⁴C) and remained constant during the entire incubation period, which could be explained by an incorporation/release equilibrium. Separation of organo-clay complexes, after extraction with solvents to release weakly incorporated, bioaccessible portions, showed that non-extractable residues (NER) were preferentially located in the humic acid fraction, which was regarded as an effect of the chemical composition of this fraction. Generally, 27 % of applied ¹⁴C was incorporated into organo-clay complexes as NER, whereas 9 % of applied ¹⁴C was bioaccessible after 180 days of incubation. The re-mobilization experiments showed on the one hand, a decrease of the bioavailability of the nonylphenol residues due to stronger incorporation, when the pre-incubation period was increased from 90 to 180 days. On the other hand, a shift of these residues from the clay fraction to other soil fractions was observed, implying a dynamic behavior of incorporated residues, which may result in bioaccessibility of the NER of nonylphenol.     

一株产絮酵母菌废菌体对Cd2+的吸附特性

将一株产絮酵母菌(编号B-02号)发酵后的废菌体制成生物吸附剂,研究该生物吸附剂对废水中Cd2+的生物吸附特性。结果表明:(1)pH值对Cd2+会产生较大的影响,偏酸性(pH=4～6)条件利于吸附;该吸附剂对Cd2+吸附速率较快,8～10 min就可达到吸附平衡;(2)吸附剂的吸附动力学符合二级动力学模型,吸附Cd2+的实验数据对Langmuir等温式的拟合情况良好,吸附剂吸附Cd2+的最大吸附量为70.752 mg/g。用0.5 mol/L HNO3对吸附Cd2+的酵母菌进行解吸,解吸率可达89.7%。     

改良剂对Cd污染土壤中小白菜品质的影响

通过小白菜盆栽试验,以啤酒污泥、草木灰及其混合物作为土壤改良剂,以生物量、可溶性糖、维生素C和叶绿素含量为指标,研究了改良剂对小白菜品质的影响,并分析了土壤中Cd赋存形态的变化。结果表明,不同改良剂在性质和改良机制上存在差异,因此改良效果各不相同,其中啤酒污泥和草木灰的混合物的改良效果最好,其次是啤酒污泥,最后是草木灰。虽然3种改良剂均能降低小白菜茎叶中Cd含量和土壤中有效态(水溶态和可交换态)Cd含量,提高小白菜品质,但小白菜茎叶中Cd含量仍超过《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2005)规定的蔬菜中Cd限量值。